Solow How To Read And Do Proofs Pdf FilesSolow How To Read And Do Proofs Pdf DownloadANSWER KEY UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam 2. General Studies Paper. Following is the answer key for the recently conducted General Studies Paper 1 Set C of the  UPSC civil services preliminary exam. We have tried to provide best possible explanation for each question based on various authentic sources. Hope you find this exercise useful despite already checking your answers from various keys provided by many websites. ANSWER KEY UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam 2. General Studies Paper 1. With reference to cabinet mission, which of the following statements isare correctThere are a variety of modern definitions of economics some reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists. Scottish philosopher Adam. NZD New Zealand Dollar Latest News, Analysis and Forex. Latest NZD market news, analysis and New Zealand Dollar trading forecast. It recommended a federal government. It enlarged the powers of the Indian courts. It provided for more Indians in the ICSSelect the correct answer using the code given below. None. Solution aThe cabinet mission plan of 1. Union of India which was to be empowered to deal with the defense, foreign affairs and communications. The Union Government and its legislature were to have limited powers, dealing with Finance, Foreign Affairs and Communications. The union would have powers necessary to raise the finances to manage the subjects. All subjects other than the Union Subjects and all the residuary powers would be vested in the provinces. Thus, the Cabinet Mission plan proposed a weak Centre with Provincial autonomy essentially proposing a federal structure of government. Source https en. CabinetMissiontoIndia. Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic Khangchendzonga National parkb Nandadevi National Parkc Neora Valley National Parkd Namdapha National park. Solution dThere is some dispute about the answer. Some claim it to be A or B which are not correct. Both Khangchendzonga and Nandadevi National park do not have tropical vegetation. Namdapha National Park is the largest protected area in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot and is located in Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. The area is also known for extensive Dipterocarp forests, comprising the northwestern parts of the ecoregion of Mizoram Manipur Kachin rain forests. The habitat changes with increasing altitude from tropical moist forests to Montane forests, temperate forests and at the higher elevations, to Alpine meadows and perennial snow. The park has extensive bamboo forests and secondary forests in addition to the primary forests. Source https en. NamdaphaNationalParkGeography http www. NandaDeviNationalParkFlora. Amnesty International isa an agency of the United Nations to help refugees of civil warsb a global Human Rights Movementc a non governmental voluntary organization to help very poor peopled an inter governmental agency to cater to medical emergencies in war ravaged regions. Solution bAs per the website of Amnesty International, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who take injustice personally. We are campaigning for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Source https www. With reference to art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made earliest Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswarb Rock cut Elephant at Dhaulic Rock cut Monuments at Mahabalipuramd Varaha Image at Udayagiri. Solution bLingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar was created in 1. AD. Rock cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram are 7th century AD creation. At Udayagiri, it is 5th century AD creation. Rock cut Elephant at Dhauli was created during Ashokas reign 2. BC. This is the oldest among the four. Sources http www. UdayagiriCaves https en. LingarajaTemple. With reference to Indian history, which of the following isare the essential elementary elements of the feudal system A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political authority. Emergence of administrative structure based on control and possession of land. Creation of lord vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Solution bThe terms feudalism and feudal system were generally applied to the early and central Middle Agesthe period from the 5th century, when central political authority in the Western empire disappeared, to the 1. Wikipedia. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour lord vassal relationship. Use of the term feudalism to describe India applies a concept of medieval European origin, according to which the landed nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants villeins or serfs were obliged to live on their lords land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. The term Indian feudalism is an attempt to classify Indian history according to a European model. Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire especially in the Carolingian empires which both lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support cavalry without the ability to allocate land to these mounted troops. Source https en. Feudalism http www. Bio. Carbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes is managed by thea Asian Development Bankb International Monetary Fundc United Nations Environment Programmed World Bank. Solution dThe Bio. Carbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes ISFL is a multilateral fund, supported by donor governments and managed by the World Bank. It seeks to promote reduced greenhouse gas emissions from the land sector, from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries REDD, and from sustainable agriculture, as well as smarter land use planning, policies and practices. Sources http vlscop. India is a member of which of the followingAsia Pacific economic corporation. Association of South East Asian Nations. East Asia Summit. Select the correct answer using the code given below. India is a member of none of them. Solution bIndia is a member of East Asia Summit. India is a member of ASEAN6, not ASEAN. Source https en. EastAsiaSummit. In India the steel production industry requires the import ofa saltpeterb rock phosphatec coking coald All of the above. Solution cSaltpetre Potassium nitrate is not used in the production of steel. It is instead used in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of gunpowder blackpowder and has been used since the Middle Ages as a food preservative. India definitely imports coking coal. So, the answer has to be C. It requires 0. 8 tonnes coking coal to produce one tonne of steel. The government had recently imposed a 2. Source https en. Potassiumnitrate http articles. The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order toa protect the interests of Scheduled Tribesb determine the boundaries between statesc determine the powers, authorities, and responsibilities of Panchayatsd protect the interests of all the border States. Solution aOption C is incorrect because it excludes the fifth and sixth schedule areas from the application of the Panchayati Raj system. This is to ensure that the local tribal practices, customs, religious laws, social and political institutions are not tampered with. Instead, the act known as PESA, 1. With reference to the Union Government consider the following statements. The Department of Revenue is responsible for the preparationof Union Budget that is presented to the parliament. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of Indiawithout the authorization of Parliament of India. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need the Authorizationfrom the Parliament of India. Marxian economics Wikipedia. Marxian economics or the Marxian school of economics refers to a school of economic thought tracing its foundations to the critique of classical political economy first expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxian economics refers to several different theories and includes multiple schools of thought which are sometimes opposed to each other, and in many cases Marxian analysis is used to complement or supplement other economic approaches. Because one does not necessarily have to be politically marxist to be economically Marxian, the two adjectives coexist in usage rather than being synonymous. They share a semantic field while also allowing connotative and denotative differences. Marxian economics concerns itself variously with the analysis of crisis in capitalism, the role and distribution of the surplus product and surplus value in various types of economic systems, the nature and origin of economic value, the impact of class and class struggle on economic and political processes, and the process of economic evolution. Marxian economics, particularly in academia, is distinguished from marxism as a political ideology as well as the normative aspects of Marxist thought, with the view that Marxs original approach to understanding economics and economic development is intellectually independent from Marxs own advocacy of revolutionary socialism. Marxian economists do not lean entirely upon the works of Marx and other widely known Marxists, but draw from a range of Marxist and non Marxist sources. Although the Marxian school is considered heterodox, ideas that have come out of Marxian economics have contributed to mainstream understanding of the global economy certain concepts of Marxian economics, especially those related to capital accumulation and the business cycle, such as creative destruction, have been fitted for use in capitalist systems. Marxs magnum opus on political economy was Das Kapital Capital A Critique of Political Economy in three volumes, of which only the first volume was published in his lifetime 1. Friedrich Engels from Marxs notes. One of Marxs early works, Critique of Political Economy, was mostly incorporated into Das Kapital, especially the beginning of volume 1. Marxs notes made in preparation for writing Das Kapital were published in 1. Grundrisse. Marxs response to classical economicseditMarxs economics took as its starting point the work of the best known economists of his day, the British classical economists Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo. Smith, in The Wealth of Nations 1. Smith claimed that a growing market stimulated a greater division of labor i. Although Smith generally said little about laborers, he did note that an increased division of labor could at some point cause harm to those whose jobs became narrower and narrower as the division of labor expanded. Smith maintained that a laissez faire economy would naturally correct itself over time. Marx followed Smith by claiming that the most important beneficial economic consequence of capitalism was a rapid growth in productivity abilities. Marx also expanded greatly on the notion that laborers could come to harm as capitalism became more productive. Additionally, in Theories of Surplus Value, Marx noted, We see the great advance made by Adam Smith beyond the Physiocrats in the analysis of surplus value and hence of capital. In their view, it is only one definite kind of concrete labouragricultural labourthat creates surplus value. But to Adam Smith, it is general social labour no matter in what use values it manifests itself the mere quantity of necessary labour, which creates value. Surplus value, whether it takes the form of profit, rent, or the secondary form of interest, is nothing but a part of this labour, appropriated by the owners of the material conditions of labour in the exchange with living labour. Malthus claim, in An Essay on the Principle of Population 1. Marx to develop an alternative theory of wage determination. Whereas Malthus presented an ahistorical theory of population growth, Marx offered a theory of how a relative surplus population in capitalism tended to push wages to subsistence levels. Marx saw this relative surplus population as coming from economic causes and not from biological causes as in Malthus. This economic based theory of surplus population is often labeled as Marxs theory of the reserve army of labour. Ricardo developed a theory of distribution within capitalism, that is, a theory of how the output of society is distributed to classes within society. The most mature version of this theory, presented in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1. Rock N Roll Origins And Innovators Ebook Torrents on this page. Adam Smith also presented a labor theory of value but it was only incompletely realized. Also notable in Ricardos economic theory was that profit was a deduction from societys output and that wages and profit were inversely related an increase in profit came at the expense of a reduction in wages. Marx built much of the formal economic analysis found in Capital on Ricardos theory of the economy. Marxs theoryeditMarx employed a labour theory of value, which holds that the value of a commodity is the socially necessary labour time invested in it. In this model, capitalists do not pay workers the full value of the commodities they produce rather, they compensate the worker for the necessary labor only the workers wage, which cover only the necessary means of subsistence in order to maintain him working in the present and his family in the future as a group. This necessary labor is, Marx supposes, only a fraction of a full working day the rest, the surplus labor, would be pocketed by the capitalist. Marx theorized that the gap between the value a worker produces and his wage is a form of unpaid labour, known as surplus value. Moreover, Marx argues that markets tend to obscure the social relationships and processes of production he called this commodity fetishism. People are highly aware of commodities, and usually dont think about the relationships and labour they represent. Marxs analysis leads to the consideration of economic crisis. A propensity to crisiswhat we would call business cycleswas not recognised as an inherent feature of capitalism by any other economist of Marxs time, observed Robert Heilbroner in The Worldly Philosophers, although future events have certainly indicated his prediction of successive boom and crash. Marxs theory of economic cycles was formalised by Richard Goodwin in A Growth Cycle 1. Capital, Volume I. MethodologyeditMarx used dialectics, a method that he adapted from the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Dialectics focuses on relation and change, and tries to avoid seeing the universe as composed of separate objects, each with essentially stable unchanging characteristics. One component of dialectics is abstraction out of an undifferentiated mass of data or system conceived of as an organic whole, one abstracts portions to think about or to refer to. One may abstract objects, but alsoand more typicallyrelations, and processes of change. An abstraction may be extensive or narrow, may focus on generalities or specifics, and may be made from various points of view. For example, a sale may be abstracted from a buyers or a sellers point of view, and one may abstract a particular sale or sales in general. Another component is the dialectical deduction of categories. Marx uses Hegels notion of categories, which are forms, for economics The commodity form, the money form, the capital form etc. This corresponds to Hegels critique of Kants transcendental philosophy. Marx regarded history as having passed through several stages.